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Work Imitates Life

工作生活两不误

Few companies could announce a new office in the messianic way that Google did last February.

很少有公司发布过像谷歌去年2月发布的那种雄心勃勃的新办公园区建设计划。

Then again, few companies have ever built this sort of office.

同样，很少有公司建设过那样的办公园区。

‘Google’s presence in Mountain View is simply so strong that it can’t be the fortress that shuts away… the neighbours. It really needs to become a neighbourhood in Mountain View,’ intones the lead architect Bjarke Ingels of the Danish firm Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG) in the introductory video.

丹麦比亚克•英厄尔斯集团 (Bjarke Ingels Group) 的首席建筑师比亚克•英厄尔斯 (Bjarke Ingels) 在视频陈述中表示：“谷歌在山景城的范围实在太大，不可能成为隔绝外人的孤堡。谷歌想要在山景城打造一个社区。”

The camera sweeps high over an edenic Mountain View in the San Francisco Bay Area.

高空摄像机扫过旧金山湾区伊甸园般的山景城。

It pulls back to reveal Google’s proposed new office: a neighbourhood nested beneath glittering glass domes.

然后，镜头切到谷歌即将兴建的新办公园区，那是一个坐落在金碧辉煌的玻璃穹顶之下的社区。

On approximately 3.5 million square feet of commercial land, Google intended to build a campus office that might best be described as a new part of town.

谷歌计划在一块大约350万平方英尺的商业用地上建造办公园区，与其说是办公园区，倒不如说是山景城的一个新城区。

Beneath the glass canopies, a thriving neighbourhood hosts stores, bike paths and modular office spaces.

玻璃穹顶的下面是一个繁华的社区，有商店，有自行车道，还有模块化办公空间。

In building this new neighbourhood, Google hoped to expand their working space while accommodating the Mountain View population inclined to view them as a ‘fortress’.

通过建设这个新社区，谷歌意在扩大工作空间，同时纳入一向将谷歌视为“孤堡”的山景城人。

The utopian campus was meant to assuage fears that spiking numbers of Google employees would create a Google voting bloc, according to The New York Times.

据《纽约时报》分析，之所以建设这个乌托邦式的办公园区，是为了缓解人们的担忧，人们担心谷歌员工数量激增，最终会形成一个选票集团。

Such fears are understandable.

这种担忧是可以理解的。

As of 2013, the company employed roughly 10 per cent of Mountain View’s workforce and owned approximately the same proportion of taxable property.

截至2013年，谷歌的员工占山景城职工总数的约10%，并拥有约同等比例的应税财产。

Despite promises that the campus would be open to all, in May 2015 the Mountain View City Council denied Google the majority of the land they’d requested.

尽管谷歌承诺办公园区将对所有人开放，但在2015年5月，山景城议会拒绝了谷歌的大部分土地申请。

Google submitted a similar but smaller plan to the city later that month.

当月晚些时候，谷歌向山景城提交了一份类似但占地规模较小的新计划。

This one proposes to treat its own water supply and expand the suite of amenities that, anecdotally, have enabled at least a few Google employees to forgo private housing – sometimes by sleeping in trucks and vans while otherwise living on campus.

在新计划中，谷歌提出自行解决供水问题，并扩大配套设施，有了这些设施，某些谷歌员工就不需要私有住宅，有时可以住在园区里，有时甚至可以睡在卡车或货车里。

It’s a life many want.

这是许多人想要的生活。

Google boasts more than 2 million job applicants a year.

谷歌每年有200多万名求职者。

National media hailed its office plans as a ‘glass utopia’.

有美国媒体将这个园区开发计划称为“玻璃穹顶下的乌托邦”。

There are hosts of articles for businesspeople on how to make their offices more like Google’s workplace.

随后涌现了大量面向商界人士的文章，向他们讲述如何将办公场所打造得像谷歌一样。

A 2015 CNN Money survey of business students around the world showed Google as their most desired employer.

2015年，美国有线电视新闻网财经频道 (CNN Money)面向世界各地的商科学生做了一项调查，调查结果表明谷歌是商科学生最愿意效力的雇主。

Its campus is a cultural symbol of that desirability.

谷歌的办公园区便是这种吸引力的文化象征。

The specifics of Google’s proposed Mountain View office are unprecedented, but the scope of the campus is part of an emerging trend across the tech world.

谷歌的办公园区计划世所罕见，但建设大型园区已经成为整个科技界的一股新潮流。

Alongside Google’s neighbourhood is a recent Facebook open office on their campus that, as the largest open office in the world, parallels the platform’s massive online community.

除了谷歌园区，脸书 (Facebook) 也在自己的园区新建了开放式办公空间，这是世界上面积最大的开放型办公空间，与其庞大的在线社区相匹配。

Both offices seem modest next to the ambitious and fraught effort of Tony Hsieh, CEO of the online fashion retailer Zappos, to revitalise the downtown Las Vegas area around Zappos’ office in the old City Hall.

在线时尚零售商美捷步 (Zappos) 首席执行官谢家华也发布了一项雄心勃勃的计划，旨在重建美捷步拉斯维加斯办公楼附近的老城区，与此相比，谷歌和脸书的园区开发计划就相形见绌了。

Such offices symbolise not just the future of work in the public mind, but also a new, utopian age with aspirations beyond the workplace.

这些办公园区计划不仅代表公众对于未来工作的期待，也象征着一个乌托邦式的新时代的来临，工作场所不仅仅是工作的场所。

The dream is a place at once comfortable and entrepreneurial, where personal growth aligns with profit growth, and where work looks like play.

人们畅想，办公场所应是一个既舒服又有利于开创事业的地方，在这里，个人成长与企业盈利增长目标相一致，工作轻松愉快。

Yet though these tech campuses seem unprecedented, they echo movements of the past.

不过，这样的科技园区看似前所未有，但并非没有先例。

In an era of civic wariness and economic fragility, the ‘total’ office heralds the rise of a new technocracy.

在一个全民紧张、经济脆弱的时代，“整体式”的办公园区预示着技术力量的重新崛起。

In a time when terrorism from abroad provokes our fears, this heavily-planned workplace harks back to the isolationist values of the academic campus and even the social planning of the company town.

在这个来自国外的恐怖主义引发国内恐慌的年代，精心打造的工作场所难免会让人联想到孤立主义的价值观，这种价值观不仅存在于大学校园里，还体现在建设“公司城”的社会规划之中。

As physical offices, they’re exceptional places to work – but while we increasingly uphold these places as utopic models for community, we make questionable assumptions about the best version of our shared life and values.

作为实体办公场所，企业社区确实无可挑剔，是卓越的工作空间，但是，如果我们逐渐将这些场所视为社区的乌托邦模板，我们对于共享生活和价值观的假想就值得商榷了。

Just as Google sought to build a new neighbourhood in Mountain View, so did Thomas Jefferson in 1819 intend to make the campus of the University of Virginia an ‘academical village’.

和谷歌计划在山景城建设新办公园区一样，1819年，托马斯•杰斐逊 (Thomas Jefferson) 也曾打算将弗吉尼亚大学的校园打造成为一个“学术村”。

The famed architect Le Corbusier once described the US college campus as ‘a world in itself’, and it’s these cloistered worlds that launched our technological ideals.

著名建筑师勒•柯布西耶 (Le Corbusier) 曾将美国大学校园描述为“一个独立的世界”，正是这些与世隔绝的世界触发了美国的科技梦。

Tony Hsieh of Zappos had a formative business experience manning a dormitory diner in Quincy House at Harvard College; David Fincher’s film The Social Network (2010) would have you believe that Mark Zuckerberg’s empire – which earned $12.47 billion in 2014 alone – is still, at its core, a vengeful dorm-room enterprise.

美捷步的CEO谢家华在哈佛学院昆西之家 (Quincy House) 管理宿舍餐厅时的经历奠定他商业传奇的基础，大卫•芬奇 (David Fincher) 的电影《社交网络》(The Social Network, 2010) 会让你相信马克•扎克伯格 (Mark Zuckerberg) 的商业帝国（仅在2014年就赚了124.7亿美元）本质上还是一个小心眼的宿舍企业。

Tech campuses and college campuses seem ideologically aligned.

在意识形态上，科技企业园区和大学校园似乎是一致的。

Once, those college campuses held as much sway in the US mind as our tech campuses do now.

在美国人心目中的影响力，过去的大学校园和当今的科技园区相差无几。

According to the architectural historian Paul V Turner’s Campus: An American Planning Tradition (1984), the US college campus was ‘an experiment in urbanism’ – a more open follow-up to European universities such as Oxford, whose individual residential colleges emerged in the 13th century and came to prominence in the 15th as a means of organising the college experience, keeping out the townies, and controlling students prone to whoring.

建筑历史学家保罗•V•特纳 (Paul V Turner) 在《校园：美国规划传统》(Campus: An American Planning Tradition, 1984) 一书中指出，美国大学校园是“城市主义的试验田”，因循了牛津等欧洲大学的先例，只不过是更加开放。牛津大学的独立寄宿学院出现于13世纪，并在15世纪声名鹊起，成为了组织校园体验、隔绝闲杂人员和管控学生嫖娼的一种手段。

These urban experiments became a vision of US utopia.

后来，这些城市主义的试验成了美国对于乌托邦的愿景。

Campuses are worlds apart; places that address the whole of the student in order to nurture the whole of the student.

校园是独立的世界，注重学生全面发展，培养学生的整体素质。

Early college campuses were one of the first major architectural undertakings of the new world, and they mapped US values and aspirations.

早期的大学校园是新世界的首批重大建筑工程，反映了美国的价值观和抱负。

They were the first of our cities on a hill.

它们是美国的首批“山上之城”。

These offices are seen as utopian partly because ‘they’re more thought-out than most American offices,’ explained Saval.

萨瓦尔 (Saval) 解释说，这些办公园区之所以被称为乌托邦，部分原因在于“与大多数美国办公场所相比，它们的开发计划更加深思熟虑。

‘The reason they’re more thought-out is that those companies are in some ways obliged to care in a way that other American corporations in other industries aren’t.’

之所以要深思熟虑，是因为这些公司希望表明他们对员工的关心高于其他行业的其他公司。”

That’s because workers with tech skills are in demand.

这是因为技术人才很抢手。

As members of a leading cultural and economic paradigm, they have a kind of economic security that those in many other fields now lack.

作为先进文化和自由经济范式的代表，他们具备其他领域的人所不具备的经济安全感。

Their offices, then, cater to their needs in a rare way.

因此，他们的办公场所必须别具一格，才能满足他们的需求。

As the architectural critic Alexandra Lange points out in The Dot-Com City (2012), these places keep the surrounding world at bay – often at a cost to the local economy – to keep employees on campus longer.

建筑评论家亚历山德拉•兰格 (Alexandra Lange) 在《网络城市》(The Dot-Com City, 2012)一书中指出，这些场所与周围的世界格格不入，这样才能延长员工待在园区的时间，但通常是以牺牲当地经济为代价的。

Ultimately, school campuses seek to shape rounded and informed citizens.

归根结底，大学校园旨在塑造全面发展、学识渊博的公民，

On corporate campuses, workers are still workers.

而在企业园区里，员工终究还是员工。

But in both environments, people are encouraged to bring their whole selves to their work.

但是，无论是哪种环境，都鼓励人们全身心投入。

So the campus culture that seeks to serve, shape and employ the whole worker has as its corollary a boom in positive psychology – management principles centred on things such as mindfulness, perceived autonomy, and the feeling of being part of something bigger than yourself.

因此，要打造一种园区文化，积极服务、塑造、雇佣全面发展的员工，就必然用到积极心理学，即注重培养员工的正念、自主感和使命感。

The insight gelled with the burgeoning new field of positive psychology, which, Hsieh felt, confirmed ‘that the combination of physical synchrony with other humans… leads to a greater sense of happiness.’

谢家华认为，这种管理原则与积极心理学这个蓬勃发展的新领域相契合，证明“保持与他人行动的一致性，能够带来更大的幸福感。”

In his book, he sketched out his vision for ‘a path to profits, passion, and purpose. ’

在自己的书中，他勾勒出了“通往利润、热爱和目标的道路”。

Soon he had spun off a happiness consultancy called Delivering Happiness, which offered coaching and talks delivered by VHPs (Very Happy Persons) along with a Happy Business Index survey to help companies optimise workforce happiness.

很快，他创立了一家名为“传递幸福”的幸福咨询公司，由“非常幸福的人”来做辅导和演讲，同时开展了一项幸福企业指数调查，帮助企业增强员工的幸福感。

That’s been the mission at Zappos, too, through core values such as ‘Deliver WOW Through Service’ and ‘Create Fun and a Little Weirdness’.

这也正是美捷步的使命，而践行使命的途径是推行“用服务给客户带来惊喜”和“创造乐趣和一点意外”等核心价值观。

And on a 60-acre patch of land in downtown Las Vegas, not far from the Strip over in Paradise, Nevada, it’s become the guiding vision of a new sort of town – an alchemical effort to revitalise Vegas’ downtrodden downtown by making it a start-up utopia.

位于拉斯维加斯市中心、距内华达州天堂城赌城大道不远的一片60英亩的土地，已经成为建设新型城镇的范例，通过打造初创企业的乌托邦，振兴拉斯维加斯没落的老城区。

The Downtown Project is a sandbox for start-ups, an umbrella organisation that funds, supports, owns and co-owns around 300 businesses that, according to their website, together employ more than 900 people.

这个老城振兴项目是一个初创企业孵化项目，也是一家伞式组织，该组织控有或持有大约300家初创企业的股份，为这些初创企业提供资金和支持。这些企业的网站资料显示，它们总共有900多名员工。

Though not technically constituting the Zappos campus, the Zappos company sits at the heart of things in the old City Hall.

从严格意义上讲，这个项目并不等同于美捷步的企业园区，但公司正好是位于城市的老城区，市政厅所在地。

At the Downtown Project, according to a special report by Nellie Bowles for the website Re/code, a preschool trains children in the skills they need for the start-up of life.

而根据内莉•鲍尔斯 (Nellie Bowles) 为Re/code网站撰写的一份特别报告，这个老城振兴项目就像学前班教会孩子们基本生活技能一样帮助初创企业成长。

A Downtown Project-funded hospitality-cum-security force called ‘The Rangers’ aims someday to monitor interactions between workers in a search for the coveted innovation-producing encounter.

项目资助了一个名为“游侠”的酒店安保团队，团队的目标是能够不定时监控员工之间的互动，寻找可遇不可求的创新机会。

According to Joe Schoenmann of the Las Vegas Weekly, they play ukuleles and hope to create a ‘smile pandemic’ in the city.

《拉斯维加斯周刊》(Las Vegas Weekly) 的乔•舍曼 (Joe Schoenmann) 称，他们通过演奏尤克里里，希望在这座城市制造一场“微笑大流行”。

Yet for all the positivity of the Downtown Project, its surrounding casinos have become an unfortunately fitting landscape.

然而，尽管该项目有诸多积极的方面，但周围赌场林立，多少显得有些不协调。

The Project’s combination of high-stress entrepreneurship, a surface emphasis on positivity, and the isolation attendant in an office away from some employees’ homes was a gamble, and the house has often seemed set against them.

而且，面临巨大的创业压力，强调积极乐观却浮于表面，有些员工需要孤身离家前往工作……这一切都使得这一项目宛如一场赌博，而且“庄家”似乎总是跟他们作对。

Since 2013, the Project has seen major layoffs, a series of suicides, and the loss of faith among many, serving as a cautionary tale.

自2013年以来，该项目出现了大规模的裁员和一系列自杀事件，许多人失去了信心，这些都是对项目发出的警示。

Hsieh’s impulse has historical precedent.

但是，谢家华并非第一次这样冲动。

In the past, company towns realised a life in line not only with profits but also with certain value systems, and a model of corporate control.

过去，公司城的建设不仅是为了追求利润，还要契合某些价值体系和企业控制模式。

In the early to mid-19th century at the Lowell Mills in Massachusetts, you could both enjoy a refined intellectual community and be fired for drinking or attending dance classes, notes Hardy Green, a former BusinessWeek associate editor, in his book The Company Town (2010).

《商业周刊》(Business Week) 的前副主编哈迪•格林 (Hardy Green) 在他的《公司城》(The Company Town, 2010) 一书中指出，在19世纪早期至中期马萨诸塞州洛威尔的工厂里，你既可以和高雅的知识分子为伍，也可能因为喝酒或参加舞蹈课而遭到解雇。

Later on, towns such as Hershey, Pennsylvania, built by the chocolate maven Milton S Hershey, combined some of the best living amenities of the early 20th century – a school for orphans, electricity, a free zoo – with the precarious lack of elected government and the chance to have Hershey himself as your mayor.

后来，有一些城镇，比如巧克力专家米尔顿•S•赫尔希(Milton S Hershey) 建造的宾夕法尼亚州好时镇，配备了20世纪初最好的一些生活设施，包括孤儿学校、电力设施、免费动物园等，但好时镇缺少民选政府，这给了赫尔希本人担任镇长的机会。

Like other such towns, Hershey had a ‘moral police’ that would enforce clean living by noting homes that weren’t kept up and employees who were alcoholic.

跟其他公司城一样，好时镇有“道德警察”，时刻留意各家各户的保洁情况以及是否有员工酗酒，强制推行清洁生活。

The risk of the company town, of course, is the dependence of a neighbourhood on the originating corporation – one reason that Mountain View rejected Google’s proposal.

当然，公司城的风险在于，它会造成整个社区对创始公司的依赖，这正是山景城拒绝谷歌办公园区开发的一个原因。

In part, the company town was an attempt to remake the world in the industrialist’s image, and often stemmed from a separatist urge.

在某种程度上，公司城是在按照实业家的形象重塑世界，而这往往源于分离主义思想。

No one embodied the dynamics of those places better than Henry Ford, the poster child of US technology and entrepreneurship.

没有谁比美国科技和企业家精神的代表人物亨利•福特 (Henry Ford) 更了解公司城的发展历程了。

Ford might have made the modern world with the Model T, but he made many smaller worlds with his model towns.

如果说福特是用T型车开启了现代世界，那么，他建造的那些模范公司城相当于开辟了许多小世界。

In the 1920s, according to the historian Greg Grandin, Ford even proposed a ribbon-shaped city in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, that would be five and a half times as long as Manhattan.

根据历史学家格雷格•格兰丁 (Greg Grandin) 的说法，在1920年代，福特甚至提议在阿拉巴马州的马斯尔肖尔斯市 ( Muscle Shoals) 建造一座带状城市，长度是曼哈顿的5.5倍。

There, he sought to build a culture of ‘farmer-mechanics’ – industrial workers who spent their summers tending the land – which Ford, a farmboy-turned-mechanic, saw as the industrial future of the US.

他想在那里建立一种“机械师兼农民”的文化，到了夏季，产业工人要去打理土地。由于福特的出身是一名农家男孩，后来才成长为机械师，因此，他把这种文化视为美国工业的未来。

It wasn’t until years later and miles away that he’d succeed at scale.

直到多年后，他才在千里之外获得成功。

In 1927, on a roughly 2.5 million-acre land grant from the state of Pará in Brazil, Ford began to build a rubber plantation.

1927年，福特在巴西的帕拉州 (Parrá, Brazil) 获批一块大约250万英亩的土地，开始建造一座橡胶种植园。

It was a new city on the fresh breast of the verdant Amazon: Fordlandia.

这就是后来的福特兰迪亚镇 (Fordlandia)，位于绿树掩映下的亚马逊河畔。

Throughout his detailed 2009 account of Fordlandia’s halting rise from overrun jungle to town with a Main Street, bakery and perfume store, Grandin highlights how the economic and organisational obstacles of the project turned it into less a business proposition than an ideological battle ground for Ford’s vision of US life versus the primal jungle.

在2009年出版的书中，格兰丁 (Grandin)详细讲述了福特兰迪亚镇如何从一片荒芜的丛林一步一步发展成为拥有一条主街、面包店和香水店的小镇，他一直在强调，福特兰迪亚镇项目所遭遇的经济和组织障碍，让它超越了商业项目的范畴，成为了福特的美国生活愿景与原始丛林进行意识形态较量的战场。

In 1941, Walt Disney visited Ford’s city, and in 1955, aged 53, he started Disneyland.

1941年，沃尔特•迪斯尼 (Walt Disney) 访问福特兰迪亚镇。1955年，53岁的他创办了迪斯尼乐园。

A half-century after that, Disney designers visited Facebook to consult on the company’s campus design, the new world begetting a small world, after all.

半个世纪后，迪斯尼的设计师造访脸书公司，为脸书园区设计提供咨询，毕竟那是孕育小世界的新世界。